Introduction to Paradigms is a generic look at the things that help to clear up the crippling reality-paradigm confusion, which we all are susceptible to just in growing up. It demonstrates that:

A paradigm is a model of a portion of reality, with fewer dimensions and a manageable size, mass and energy.

Paradigms are necessary because they are the solution to the problem of having insufficient human RAM and CPU to be omniscient and deal with reality on a direct perception/knowing basis. The human solution is to create paradigms that do fit our RAM and CPU, so we can change the undesirable elements of existence into desirable ones.

Unfortunately, paradigms can be more true or less true, by accident or design, and that's where the rub is.

   Less true paradigms come about in two ways:

      Through the incompetence of well meaning paradigm designers or

      By the deliberate introduction of bias into a paradigm to give inequitable power and money to some who have not earned it. The bias is in the form of a lie in a paradigm or the miss- definition of a word. More money is made today by theft through paradigm bias than by the honest creation of wealth. It is not a victimless crime. The individual members of society as well as the society as a whole lose in wealth, a lowered pursuit of happiness and a lowered survival potential. Paradigm bias is a societal parasite and too many parasites kill the host.

Purveyors of paradigm bias are the same as confidence men. One trick they use is to convince you, that what they are telling you is reality when it is a paradigm. Reality, one tends to accept as true, while one questions what is known to be a paradigm. How do you tell the difference and what if you don't?

Example: My telling you about a tree gives you my paradigm of a tree, which can be more true or less true. On the other hand, the only way you get the reality of a tree is by seeing it for yourself; climbing it; feeling the trunk, bark and leaves; eating the fruit; chewing on a leaf, twig, bark; smelling the blossoms, cones, leaves, bark and roots; listening to the wind pass through the branches and leaves; standing under the tree when the sun is too hot or when it is raining.

Example: The 9/11 suicide pilots believed that what they had been told since early childhood was reality: That they would go to a paradise which was a much nicer place than this world and that they would live forever with seven virgins and seven wives if they died committing a mass murder as they were told. They did what they were told because they did not know the difference between paradigm and reality.

Reality is what you experience yourself. Paradigms are anything you received through a communication paradigm such as what some one told you or you read. We are all handicapped to the extent we are victims of the paradigm-reality confusion and prone to be taken advantage of through paradigm bias.

More true paradigms require a paradigm designer well acquainted with reality.

Is science the answer? Unfortunately, the scientific method applies only to explicate order phenomena that can be repeated and verified by the lowest common denominator of scientist. Science is still in denial of implicate order phenomena known for many centuries. Only a small fraction of the paradigms we need to function on a personal and societal level can be scientifically demonstrated.

Peer review is another shortcoming and abuse. The scientific method assumes that those doing the peer review are selfless, high minded scientists, experts in the same domain, who judge according to their knowledge in the pursuit of truth for the good of mankind. Actually, many peers are egocentric and lie to ensure their careers. Example: Tobacco scientists disagree with conclusive studies linking smoking to lung cancer. Who pays? If you believe them, you do.

Introduction to Paradigms sets forth a method of creating paradigms that are self optimizing in any domain as new discoveries are made. Winning synergies are produced by using several of these self optimizing paradigms in the form of a tetrahedral paradigm engine. In fact, once we get rid of the biased definitions of what we are and go where experience and reality takes us, we find that we are synergistic, composites beings with capabilities far beyond what is considered normal in today's world.

When we eliminate paradigm bias and the confusion between reality and paradigms, as well as create self optimizing paradigms that work on all levels, with synergistic paradigm engines, life takes on new possibilities. Introduction to Paradigms classifies and defines the different types of paradigm and the different roles people play in their creation, operation and maintenance. It shows how anyone can become the source of winning synergies.

This is a powerful how to book and reference.

This book presents the author's research on automatic learning procedures for categorial grammars of natural languages. The research program spans a number of intertwined disciplines, including syntax, semantics, learnability theory, logic, and computer science. The theoretical framework employed is an extension of categorial grammar that has come to be called multimodal or type-logical grammar. The first part of the book presents an expository summary of how grammatical sentences of any language can be deduced with a specially designed logical calculus that treats syntactic categories as its formulae. Some such Universal Type Logic is posited to underlie the human language faculty, and all linguistic variation is captured by the different systems of semantic and syntactic categories which are assigned in the lexicons of different languages. The remainder of the book is devoted to the explicit formal development of computer algorithms which can learn the lexicons of type logical grammars from learning samples of annotated sentences. The annotations consist of semantic terms expressed in the lambda calculus, and may also include an unlabeled tree-structuring over the sentence.

The major features of the research include the following:

We show how the assumption of a universal linguistic component---the logic of language---is not incompatible with the conviction that every language needs a different system of syntactic and semantic categories for its proper description.

The supposedly universal linguistic categories descending from antiquity (noun, verb, etc.) are summarily discarded.

Languages are here modeled as consisting primarily of sentence trees labeled with semantic structures; a new mathematical class of such term-labeled tree languages is developed which cross-cuts the well-known Chomsky hierarchy and provides a formal restrictive condition on the nature of human languages.

The human language acquisition mechanism is postulated to be biased, such that it assumes all input language samples are drawn from the above "syntactically homogeneous" class; in this way, the universal features of human languages arise not just from the innate logic of language, but also from the innate biases which govern language learning.

This project represents the first complete explicit attempt to model the aquisition of human language since Steve Pinker's groundbreaking 1984 publication, "Language Learnability and Language Development."

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At a second meeting arranged by a fly, bee, hare, bear, mouse and deer homonyms and pronunciation of the English language are the main topic of a lengthy discussion. The sun and alittle elephant are observers listening to the discussion. Each animal gives their opinion about the situation and presents a number of problems andconclusions. The elephant is having a lot of thoughts about everything himself. In the end he comes to very wise decisions while the sun, who has been the other observer, is very happy with the ending. They both feel great about this most unusual day. The fly thinks that a list of references about English homonyms would be very helpful to everyone for pronunciation and spelling. She creates 130 samples to refer to and encourages English studying students to search for more on the internet. These samples are translated into four different languages: French, German, Italian and Spanish plus lists of pages for languages not covered.

No Description Available.

It has been our privilege to compile and publish this workbook, Linguistic Express, in order to meet an increasing demand for effective methods for improving language learning. So far, many people have failed in learning a foreign language because, (1) No learning goal is set clearly; (2) No strong desire exists in persevering learning intensity. However, these are keys for succeeding in language learning. The technique in the Linguistic Express differs completely from traditional language education, in which it is established on the basis of echoic, iconic and procedural memory according to the psychology of human memory. Aiming to tackle the problems in foreign language learning, it provides every student with a detailed syllabus that leads to the accomplishment of language learning through constant and intensive studying. Therefore, there is no need to worry about planning any daily learning schedules and repeating words by rote. If you follow this system, the whole process of language learning is carried out in a non-stressful way. Perseverance spells success. Finally both a mental grammar and a mental dictionary will be established in the brain of a student. The 10/10 program in the Linguistic Express is constructed across a range of literacy levels to meet the needs of various background, age, gender groups. The SDT, self-discipline test, in the Linguistic Express works well for everyone because “self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.” (Angela L. Duckworth and Martin E.P. Seligman, , Psychological Science, Volume 16 Issue 12 Page 939 - December 2005).

The Incredible Adventures of Ribbit Ribbit, the Little Frog, represents that fabulous world in which every child lives; a world that we, as adults, have forgotten and becomes hard to understand. Las increíbles aventuras de la chivita Beé Beé representa ese mundo infantil que todo niño lleva dentro de sí; ese mundo que los adultos ya hemos olvidado y muchas veces no comprendemos.
Este es un cuento educativo, carente de violencia, preferido por padres, maestros y especialmente por niños de todas las edades.
This is an educational short story without any violence. It has become the favorite book for teachers, parents, and children.

The Incredible Adventures of Kluck Kluck, The Little Hen represents that fabulous world in which every child lives; a world that, we as adults have forgotten and becomes hard to understand.
Las increíbles aventuras de la gallinita Kló Kló representa ese mundo infantil que todo niño lleva dentro de sí; ese mundo que los adultos ya hemos olvidado y muchas veces no comprendemos.
Este es un cuento educativo, carente de violencia, preferido por padres, maestros y especialmente por niños de todas las edades.
This is an educational short story without any violence. It has become the favorite book for teachers, parents, and children.

The Incredible Adventures of Moo Moo, the Little Cow, represents that fabulous world in which every child lives; a world that we, as adults, have forgotten and becomes hard to understand. Las increíbles aventuras de la vaquita Muú Muú representa ese mundo infantil que todo niño lleva dentro de sí; ese mundo que los adultos ya hemos olvidado y muchas veces no comprendemos. This is an educational short story without any violence. It has become the favorite book for teachers, parents, and children.
Este es un cuento educativo, carente de violencia, preferido por padres, maestros y especialmente por niños de todas las edades.

The Incredible Adventures of Cock-A-Doodle-Doo represents that fabulous world in which every child lives; a world that, we as adults have forgotten and becomes hard to understand.
Las increíbles aventuras del gallito Kikirikí representa ese mundo infantil que todo niño lleva dentro de sí; ese mundo que los adultos ya hemos olvidado y muchas veces no comprendemos.
This is an educational short story without any violence. It has become the favorite book for teachers, parents, and children.
Este es un cuento educativo, carente de violencia, preferido por padres, maestros y especialmente por niños de todas las edades.

One day a ‘glow’ appeared in the shadow of the creature to become A. “Find your B and C … all of the others will follow,” whispered the ‘glow.’ … From scribbles to alphabet the humans went. Helped by the creatures the Weaver had sent. The humans in time … learned to make words. A cosmic and magical tale, Quite Early One Planet narrates the creation of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet through both poetic narrative and unique and colorful illustrations. The story depicts the early beginnings of language through creatures with claws, fur, and feathers. One special character, enhanced with a glow, becomes the leader of the alphabet. In Quite Early One Planet, author and illustrator Jerome Austin McNicholl sought to produce creatures that would have been the inspiration for humans to craft the cuneiform alphabet. From these animals, the alphabet springs to life.

No Description Available.

At a second meeting arranged by a fly, bee, hare, bear, mouse and deer homonyms and pronunciation of the English language are the main topic of a lengthy discussion. The sun and alittle elephant are observers listening to the discussion. Each animal gives their opinion about the situation and presents a number of problems andconclusions. The elephant is having a lot of thoughts about everything himself. In the end he comes to very wise decisions while the sun, who has been the other observer, is very happy with the ending. They both feel great about this most unusual day. The fly thinks that a list of references about English homonyms would be very helpful to everyone for pronunciation and spelling. She creates 130 samples to refer to and encourages English studying students to search for more on the internet. These samples are translated into four different languages: French, German, Italian and Spanish plus lists of pages for languages not covered.

On the Origins of Speaking is a radical revision of conventional etymology, claiming to restore semantics to the chief role in etymology and language research, in place of the easier empirical phonology currently espoused, partly aimed at the Chomskyan grammatical speculation which substitutes a mathematical formalism for semantics. It has little do do with Ur-language research, Nostratics or other word traces based on phonology alone, which soon get lost. It picks up where Charles Darwin left off, arguing language and thinking are not subject to evolution by random genetic variation and subsequent natural selection of the fittest, which is confined to the organic kingdom and does not apply to either the geological kingdom on the one hand nor to the intellectual kingdom on the other. In reality our genes determine our legs but not the walks we may take, and similarly our genes determine our brains but not the thoughts we may think. Language and thinking are restored to a more liberal arena.

The book is highly controversial. If it were fiction it would outsell The Da Vinci Code. It is written in a popular style and is readily understandable by anyone of any nationality with sufficient general education to make his or her way in the modern world. The only jargon is explained as the ideas are developed, for instance "Lithic", the Stone Age language roots the author claims to have discovered concealed like flies in amber in the lexicon of language today, and "psychosemantic trees" showing the descent of meanings from the original Stone Age elements of speaking, traced backwards in a manner similar to triangulation in survey. Hominids spoke, six hundred thousands years ago; and had tamed fire by then and had hearths at the mouths of their caves long before ash traces have been found. Meanings were originally attributed to single phonemes (roughly letters) as our bare bottomed forebears learned to pronounce them. Words were compiled as strings of them. Freud's psychological output can now be seen to be fanciful. But the sexual patterning of our earliest perceptions can still be traced underlying the wording of languages around the world today, probably all of them.

www.ontheoriginsofspeaking.com.

On the Origins of Speaking is a radical revision of conventional etymology, claiming to restore semantics to the chief role in etymology and language research, in place of the easier empirical phonology currently espoused, partly aimed at the Chomskyan grammatical speculation which substitutes a mathematical formalism for semantics. It has little do do with Ur-language research, Nostratics or other word traces based on phonology alone, which soon get lost. It picks up where Charles Darwin left off, arguing language and thinking are not subject to evolution by random genetic variation and subsequent natural selection of the fittest, which is confined to the organic kingdom and does not apply to either the geological kingdom on the one hand nor to the intellectual kingdom on the other. In reality our genes determine our legs but not the walks we may take, and similarly our genes determine our brains but not the thoughts we may think. Language and thinking are restored to a more liberal arena.

The book is highly controversial. If it were fiction it would outsell The Da Vinci Code. It is written in a popular style and is readily understandable by anyone of any nationality with sufficient general education to make his or her way in the modern world. The only jargon is explained as the ideas are developed, for instance "Lithic", the Stone Age language roots the author claims to have discovered concealed like flies in amber in the lexicon of language today, and "psychosemantic trees" showing the descent of meanings from the original Stone Age elements of speaking, traced backwards in a manner similar to triangulation in survey. Hominids spoke, six hundred thousands years ago; and had tamed fire by then and had hearths at the mouths of their caves long before ash traces have been found. Meanings were originally attributed to single phonemes (roughly letters) as our bare bottomed forebears learned to pronounce them. Words were compiled as strings of them. Freud's psychological output can now be seen to be fanciful. But the sexual patterning of our earliest perceptions can still be traced underlying the wording of languages around the world today, probably all of them.

www.ontheoriginsofspeaking.com.

This comprehensive book reveals the genetic relationship between the English language and Tamil, the chief language of the Dravidian family spoken in southern India.

It describes with illustrative pairs of words from English and Tamil the linguistic processes and phonetic features - that include speech sounds peculiar to the two languages, sound shifts, vowel variations, addition of merely euphonic syllables in the Tamil forms, intrusive speech sounds, metathesis, etc. - that have now made the corresponding words in either of the languages unintelligible to the speakers of the other. These features have developed independently in the two languages and now mask the similarity of the corresponding words.

A proper perspective of the sound shifts and other differentiating features help us identify the speech sounds in one language that are representative of those in the other and unfolds a world of words before us. No word is distorted beyond recognition. Mutual identity of the corresponding cognate words is only too obvious.

The basic phonetic structure and meaning of hundreds of words in a wide range of aspects of daily life are found to be essentially the same in the two languages. The striking similarity of the corresponding words bear witness to the fact that the forefathers of these two races spoke the same language and lived together before they eventually separated from each other and migrated towards their present homelands at diametrically opposite extremes of the Eurasian land mass.

As the reader goes through the first few chapters he gets used to the Tamil words transcribed in easy to understand phonetic symbols.

The corresponding words from the two languages are grouped under such headings as

   
• Words denoting the parts of the human body,    
• Words related to various modes of walking and some other ways of moving around,    
• Words related to places of dwelling,    
• Words related to preparation and consumption of food,    
• Words employed in cultivation,    
• Words related to parts of plants and trees,    
• Words employed in woodwork,    
• Words associated with life on seashore, and    
• Words denoting objects of natural environment

The association of the words in each natural group brings alive the very kind of life the forefathers of the English and the Tamils might have led together in their common homeland.

The mystery of the origins of the indigenous portion of the English vocabulary, which has remained unexplained so far, is solved. The discovery of the affinity between English and Tamil opens up a window through which it may be possible to have a look at the history of the Anglo-Saxon tribes prior to their arrival on the North Sea coast of Europe.

The path-breaking finding of the extra-European affinity of English would ultimately lead to a redefinition of the Germanic and Dravidian families of languages. The book Key Words of a Kinship is of fundamental value in comparative linguistics and ethnological studies as it introduces one to an entirely new advance in the understanding of the major language families of the world.

Well organized and written in a simple language Key Words of a Kinship is a must read for any one who wants to remain updated about the latest advances in the ever expanding field of humanities.